GRAMMAR THEORY

IN THIS PAGE THERE ARE FOUR UNITS WITH DIFFERENT GRAMMAR TOPICS THAT YOU HAVE TO READ 

UNIT I

MODAL VERBS

The modal verbs are very useful in English and  we need to know each of them to apply correctely . These modal verbs are very important tool to us in order to have a good communication

THE MODAL VERBS ARE:

• can

• could

• may

• might

• will

• shall

• should

• ought to

• must

CAN

Can is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We use can to:

• talk about possibility and ability
• make requests
• ask for or give permission

STRUCTURE OF CAN

subject + can + main verb

The main verb is always the base infinitive (infinitive without "to")

	subject	auxiliary verb	main verb
+	I	can	play	tennis.
-	He	cannot	play	tennis.
		can't
?	Can	you	play	tennis?

Notice that:

• Can is invariable. There is only one form of can.

Use of Can

can: Possibility and Ability

We use can to talk about what is possible, what we are able or free to do:

• She can drive a car.
• John can speak Spanish.
• I cannot hear you. (I can't hear you.)
• Can you hear me?

Normally, we use can for the present. But it is possible to use can when we make present decisions about future ability.

1. Can you help me with my homework? (present)
2. Sorry. I'm busy today. But I can help you tomorrow. (future)

COULD

The modal verb ' could' is used to express ability in the past and to express politeness. Is usually translated as ' could ' , although in some cases translates to ' know ' .
 

I could swim when I was five. (Ability)
Could you open the window? (Courtesy)

 HOW THIS MODAL WORK?
Modal verbs are the same for all people and are always followed by an infinitive (without 'to ' ) . Also, do not need an auxiliary to form negative and interrogative.

I could speak up.
I could talk louder.I could not speak up.
I could not talk louder.
Could you speak up?
Could you talk louder?

 WHAT DO I REMEMBER?Important aspects to keep in mind are:
The modal ' could' is the past of 'can' . As with all manners the same way for all people to use both singular and plural.
 Remember that when you must answer with short answers modal employee (I.e. Could you speak louder - Yes, I could / No, I could not)

fuente:http://www.blueblocnotes.com/grammar/modal-verbs/could

CAN AND COULD

"Can" and "could" are used to express permission, ability or skill. As a general rule "can" is used in the present and "could" in the past :

a) Ability / skillIn the present we use "can" and in the past "could" .

    With the new motorway you can go from Madrid to Barcelona in less than 4 hours

    Ten years ago you Could Go from Madrid to Barcelona in 6 hours

    I can Skate

    I Could (was able) to play tennis when I was a child"Could " is also used in a conditional sense , while in the future "will be able" is used :

    If I had money I Could buy a new car

    In two years I will be able to fluently speak Inglés

b ) PermissionIn this we distinguish :

    - Have or ask permission " can" is an informal sense and "could " formal .

        I can use the company's car for my private trips (informal)

        I could use the company's car for my private trips (formal)

        Can I borrow your car ? (informal)
        Could I borrow your car ? (formal)

    - Give permission " can" is used , "could" only be used with a conditional sense.

        Tonight you can stay with us

        If you do not find any other place, Could you stay with us?

fuente:http://presentsimpleesl.wordpress.com/2012/10/09/can-vs-be-able-to/

CAN- BE ABLE TO

• We use can in informal way 
• Be able to is used in formal way and is synonym of can. Also we use in present, past and future

Can and be able to are often interchangeable and you can usually use either one without a difference in meaning.  But not always.

Can is a  modal auxiliary verb that expresses general ability in the Present tense, or could for general ability in the Past tense.

Be able to is not a modal auxiliary verb, it’s just the verb “be” + the adverb “able” + the infinitive “to”. 

Present Ability. We use both can and be able to, but can is much more common:

✔ James can speak three languages.

✔ James is able to speak three languages.

✔ Michelle can easily multitask.

✔ Michelle is able to easily multitask.

fuente;http://presentsimpleesl.wordpress.com/

SHOULD

We use 'should' for giving advice.

• You should speak to him about it.
• He should see a doctor.
• We should ask a lawyer.

We use 'should' to give an opinion or a recommendation.

• He should resign now.
• We should invest more in Asia.
• They should do something about this terrible train service.

'Should' expresses a personal opinion and is much weaker and more personal than 'must' or 'have to'. It is often introduced by ' I think'.

• I think they should replace him.
• I don't think they should keep the contract.
• Do you think we should tell her.

"Should" is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.

Examples:

• When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. recommendation
• You should focus more on your family and less on work. advice
• I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. obligation
• By now, they should already be in Dubai. expectation

fuente:https://www.google.com.ec/#q=should

MUST

"Must" is most commonly used to express certainty. It can also be used to express necessity or strong recommendation, although native speakers prefer the more flexible form "have to." "Must not" can be used to prohibit actions, but this sounds very severe; speakers prefer to use softer modal verbs such as "should not" or "ought not" to dissuade rather than prohibit.

Examples:

• This must be the right address! certainty
• Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school. necessity
• You must take some medicine for that cough. strong recommendation
• Jenny, you must not play in the street! prohibition

• In affirmative sentences , we use must when we mean: `This is necessary`
• I must get up early tomorrow 

• We also use must when we mean:  This is a good idea
• You must visit us while we`re in london

• In questions, we use must when we mean : Is this really necessary?
• To make questions with must, we put must before the subject
• Mus we tell the police when we change the addressed?

• Have to means the same as must
• Mus has no past  (musted)  or infinitive (to must). Instead, we use had to and have to

MUSTN`T AND NEEDN`T

Must has two negatives: We use mustn`t when we mean  `Don`t do this`

                                          We use needn`t when we mean `This isn`t necessary`

You mustn`t take pictures here

You needn`t pay now; you can pay when the work is finished

NEED is not a modal verb 

HAVE TO

"Have to" is a semiauxiliar ". It is not amodal verb, but we use like must, and we use don`t have to like needn`t

The difference with "must" is that "must" is used to give orders or express an internal moral obligation of the person speaking or directs and "have to" indicates that the obligation comes from external standards, a third person or circumstance .

• I must go to work. 
• I have to do what my parents say. 

Also "Have to" is used to express certainty, necessity, and obligation 

Examples:

• This answer has to be correct. certainty
• The soup has to be stirred continuously to prevent burning. necessity
• They have to leave early. obligation

Have to (objective obligation)

We often use have to to say that something is obligatory, for example:

• Children have to go to school

fuente:https://www.google.com.ec/search?q=have+to&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X//

 MAY - MIGHT

The uses of may and might are similar. Although one or the other is more likely to be used in some contexts, neither choice will be wrong. Below is an introduction to the most important uses of may and might.

 May and might are both commonly used to talk about possibility:

• You may have a little difficulty driving at night.
• I might have an allergy to wheat.
• We may go to London for vacation, if we can still afford it.

Note that many grammar books say it is better to use might when something is less likely, and may when something is more likely, but this is a flexible rule.

'May' is a modal auxiliary.

 It does not take an  's' in the present tense.

The past tense or conditional is 'might'.

You use it like an auxiliary in the interrogative and negative forms:

 May I go out?  no, you may not.

 It has no infinitive form.

 It has no participle.

'May' is used to express :

 Permission:

May I go out Mum?

You may eat some cake Jim.

Probability:

He may come late.

He may be on holidays.

Suggestion or reproach with 'might':

He doesn't know what to do; he might ask Wendy.

You might have done the washing-up !

Wish :

May this year bring you happiness and health !

May/ might are sometimes used with a past participle :

He might have been killed !

He may have phoned while I was having a shower.

fuente:http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-48099.php

ENGLISH CONDITIONALS

There are several structures in English that are called conditionals.

"Condition" means "situation or circumstance". If a particular condition is true, then a particular result happens.

• Most linguists consider three types of Conditional Sentences, but some of them add one more type: zero conditionals.

fuente:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_sentence

HAD BETTER

We use had better to give recomendation, desperate hope, warning, in a specific situation, non general ones. To talk about general situations we must use "should", also we use “had better” to give advice about the present or future.

Examples:

• You had better take your umbrella with you today. recommendation
• That bus had better get here soon! desperate hope
• You had better watch the way you talk to me in the future! warning

• You'd better tell her everything.
• I'd better get back to work.
• We'd better meet early.

'Had better' expresses advice and means 'would find it wiser or more suitable'.
E.g.: You had better go now (=it would be good, wise or suitable for you to go now)

fuente.http://aprendeinglessila.com/2013/11/had-better-infinitivo/

HAVE GOT TO AND OUGHT TO

HAVE GOT

1.- Use have (got) to in the affirmative/positive form to talk about an obligation, or something that is necessary to do.

Have (got) to is always followed by a verb. You can think of it as have (got) + infinitive. Have to and have got to have the same meaning and can be used interchangeably.

We have (got) to go to school tomorrow.

James cancelled our date tonight. He’s (got) to work late.

2. Have got to is NOT commonly used in American English in the negative form. Use don’t and doesn’t with have to.

I don’t have to be at work until 2pm tomorrow.

We don’t have to go to school tomorrow! Yay!

X: She hasn’t got to start her new job until May 9th.

3. Have got to is NOT commonly used in American English in a question. Use do/don’t and does/doesn’t in a question.

Do you have to go to school tomorrow?

Don’t you have to be home by midnight?

X: What time have you got to be there?

4. In American English, have got to is ONLY used in the simple present tense.

Have to can be used in the simple past:

We had to leave before the concert was over.

In American English, have (got) to is not used in the present continuous form.

X: I am having (got) to 

5. You can use have (got) to to talk about the future if you havealready made plans to do something, or if you are now obligated to do something in the future.

Even though you are talking about something happening in the future, the simple present tense is still used:

I have (got) to call my mom tomorrow.

6. You can use will/won’t have to [NOT will have got to] in the 1st conditional (future possible/real conditional). It means that you will be obligated to do something or it will be necessary to something in the future:

If I don’t go to university I will have to get a job.

Be going to can be used instead of will:

The new owners of the farm are going to have to tear down the old barn and build a new one.

7. Have got to can also be used as an exclamation. Use have got towhen you are certain about something (in the simple present tense):

You can’t be serious. You have got to be kidding me!

OUGHT TO

We use ought in three main ways:

• to express the view that something is the right thing to do, because it’s morally correct, polite, or someone’s duty:

You ought to admit that you made a mistake.
They ought not to be allowed to damage property without paying compensation.

• to predict that something is fairly likely or expected, based on normal circumstances or logic:

Our long-delayed mail is on the way from France and ought to arrive today.
The weather oughtn’t to be cold in May.

• to offer or ask for advice or recommendations:

If you haven’t read the book then you ought to see the movie.

What ought to be done to improve things?

UNIT II

LEARNING YES/ NO QUESTIONS 

QUESTIONS

We use  questions  to ask information

We have Yes/ No questions and Information questions

When we use Yes/ No questions we do not have any options it must be yes or not no more.

When we use Information Questions we have to give a lot information. To do this kind of questions we use W/H questions words

LEARNING INFORMATION QUESTIONS

                                                                           
                                       

When do you use  wh-questions?

If you want information about a fact/person/thing/place/manner/… you use a wh-question. For example: You are not sure where and at what time you meet your friend. You ask him: Where do we meet? and When do we meet? Then he can give you the information.

They are called wh-questions because they start with a question word.

Question words are pronouns: they represent the information you are asking about: "Who" is with you? "Peter" is with me.

Also we use question words to ask certain types of questions . We often refer to them as WH words because they include the letters WH (for example WHy, HoW).

Question Word	Function	Example
what	asking for information about something	What is your name?
	asking for repetition or confirmation	What? I can't hear you. You did what?
what...for	asking for a reason, asking why	What did you do that for?
when	asking about time	When did he leave?
where	asking in or at what place or position	Where do they live?
which	asking about choice	Which colour do you want?
who	asking what or which person or people (subject)	Who opened the door?
whom	asking what or which person or people (object)	Whom did you see?
whose	asking about ownership	Whose are these keys? Whose turn is it?
why	asking for reason, asking what...for	Why do you say that?
why don't	making a suggestion	Why don't I help you?
how	asking about manner	How does this work?
	asking about condition or quality	How was your exam?
how + adj/adv	asking about extent or degree	see examples below
how far	distance	How far is Pattaya from Bangkok?
how long	length (time or space)	How long will it take?
how many	quantity (countable)	How many cars are there?
how much	quantity (uncountable)	How much money do you have?
how old	age	How old are you?
how come (informal)	asking for reason, asking why	How come I can't see her?

 fuent:http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/wh-question-words.htm

WHEN AND WHERE 

Asking questions

1.If you ask about the subject of the sentence, simply add the question word at the beginning:
Example:
James writes good poems. — Who writes good pems?
2.If you ask about the predicate of the sentence (the part of a sentence which contains the verb and gives information about the subject), there are three options:

• If there is a helping (auxilary) verb that precedes the main verb ( foe example, can, is, are, was, were, will, would...), add the question word and invert the subject and the helping (auxilary) verb.
  Examples:
  He can speak Chinese. — What can he speak?
  They are leaving tonight. — When are they leaving?
• If you ask about the predicate and there is no helping (auxilary) verb and the verb is "to be", simply add the question verb and invert the subject and the verb.
  Example:
  The play was interesting. — How was the play?
• If there is no helping (auxilary) verb in the the predicate and the main verb is not "to be", add the auxilary "do" in the appropriate form.
  Examples:
  They go to the movies every Saturday. — Where do they go to the movies?
  He wakes up early. — When does he wake up?
  They sent a letter. — What did they send?

 PRESENT CONTINUOUS YES/ NO QUESTIONS

Present Progressive/Continuous 1) actions happening at the moment of speaking Peter is reading a book now. 2) fixed plan in the near future She is going to Basel on Saturday. 3) temporary actions His father is working in Rome this month. 4) actions happening around the moment of speaking (longer actions) My friend is preparing for his exams. 5) trends More and more people are using their computers to listen to music. 6) repeated actions which are irritating to the speaker (with always, constantly, forever) Andrew is always coming late. Signal words now, at the moment, Look! Listen! Form to be (am, are, is) + infinitive + -ing Examples Affirmative sentences: I am playing football. I'm playing football. You are playing football. You're playing football. Negative sentences: I am not playing football. I'm not playing football. You are not playing football. You're not playing football. You aren't playing football. Questions: Am I playing football? Are you playing football

fuente:https://www.google.com.ec/searchq=yes+no+questions+in+present+continuous+t&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=

LEARNING SUBJECT QUESTIONS 

 The subject question is a question to ask a subject we do not use any personal pronouns or names

WE USE WHAT - TO ASK FOR ANIMALS

WE USE WHICH  AND WHO FOR PERSON

Subject and Object Questions

Most questions are object questions. In other words, they ask about an object. Example:Where do you live?. However, there are also subject questions. Questions we ask to find out about the subject. These questions are asked using 'who', 'what' and 'which'. Example: Who plays football in this class?. take a look at the following chart of question forms:

Form	Examples
Object Questions ?word auxiliary subject main Verb	Where do you live? What will you do? When is she coming?
Subject Questions ?word subject (auxiliary) main verb Notice that this structure is like positive sentence structure without the question word.	Who loves you? Which car will arrive first? What type of food costs less?

LEARNING THE USE OF WHO/ WHOM/  AND WHOSE

Subjects, Objects and Possessive Forms

To understand how to use "who," "whom," and "whose," you first have to understand the difference between subjects, objects, and possessive forms.

Subjects do an action:

• He loves movies.
• She goes to school.
• We enjoy Chinese food.

Objects receive an action:

• The teachers like him.
• Thomas knows her.
• The actor smiled at us.

Possessive forms tell us the person something belongs to:

• His bike is broken.
• I like her new book.
• The teacher graded our homework.

"Who" is a Subject Pronoun

"Who" is a subject pronoun like "he," "she" and "we" in the examples above. We use "who" to ask which person does an action or which person is a certain way.

Examples:

• Who made the birthday cake?
• Who is in the kitchen?
• Who is going to do the dishes?

"Whom" is an Object Pronoun

"Whom" is an object pronoun like "him," "her" and "us." We use "whom" to ask which person receives an action.

Examples:

• Whom are you going to invite?
• Whom did he blame for the accident?
• Whom did he hire to do the job?

"Whose" is a Possessive Pronoun

"Whose" is a possessive pronoun like "his," "her" and "our." We use "whose" to find out which person something belongs to.

Examples:

• Whose camera is this?
• Whose dog is barking outside?
• Whose cell phone keeps ringing?

"Who," "Whom" and "Whose" in Indirect Questions

The sentence below contains an example of an indirect question:

• I don't know whom he invited.

Such sentences usually start with a phrase such as: "I am not sure" or "He doesn't know" or "We don't care." Just ignore the first part of the sentence and look at the indirect question when deciding whether to use "who," "whom" or "whose." Ask yourself if the indirect question requires a subject, object, or possessive form.

Examples:

• He doesn't know who the boss of the company is. subject of the indirect question
• I don't care whom you invite. object of the indirect question
• She isn't sure whose car that is. "Whose" shows possession of car.

"Who," "Whom" and "Whose" in Adjective Clauses

The sentence below contains an example of an adjective clause:

• I know the man who won the contest.

Adjective clauses are used to describe a noun in the main sentence. In the example above, the adjective clause tells us about "the man." Just ignore the main sentence and look at the adjective clause when deciding whether to use "who," "whom" or "whose." Ask yourself if the adjective clause requires a subject, object, or possessive form.

Examples:

• We knew the actress who starred in the movie. subject of adjective clause
• They hired the man whom we interviewed last week. object of adjective clause
• She knew the family whose house we bought. "Whose" shows possession of house.

"Whom" Less Common

The form "whom" is becoming less and less common in English. Many native English speakers think "whom" sounds outdated or strange. This trend is particularly common in the United States. Especially when combined with prepositions, most people prefer to use "who" as the object pronoun. To most native English speakers, the examples below sound quite natural.

Examples:

• Who did you come to the party with?
• I don't know who he gave the book to.
• That is the woman who I was talking to.
• Who did you get that from?
• Do you have any idea who he sold his car to?
• That is the person who I got the information from.

fuente:http://www.englishpage.com/minitutorials/who_whom.html

LEARNING NEGATIVE QUESTIONS WITH  No one, nobody, nothing, nowhere

No one, nobody, nothing and nowhere are indefinite pronouns.

We use no one, nobody, nothing and nowhere to refer to an absence of people, things or places. We use them with a singular verb:

Nobody ever goes to see her. She’s very lonely.

You usually have to wait for a long time. Nothing happens quickly.

There was nowhere to park the car.

We often use the plural pronoun they to refer back to (singular) no one or nobodywhen we do not know if the person is male or female:

No one remembers the titles of the books they’ve read.

No one or nobody?

No one and nobody mean the same. Nobody is a little less formal than no one. We use no one more than nobody in writing:

I knew nobody at the party.

No one moved; no one said anything.

We write no one as two separate words or with a hyphen: no one or no-one but notnoone.

Nobody or not … anybody, etc.

Nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere are stronger and more definite than not …anybody/anyone/anything/anywhere:

I did nothing. (stronger than I didn’t do anything.)

She told no one, not even her mother. (stronger than She didn’t tell anyone …)

We don’t use not + anyone/anything/anywhere as the subject of a clause:

Nothing will make me change my mind.

Not: Not anything will make me change my mind.

We don’t use nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere after no, not, never or other words which have a negative meaning (hardly, seldom). We use anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere:

I can’t do anything.

Not: I can’t do nothing.

She talks to hardly anyone.

Not: She talks to hardly no one.

                                                 

We often use negative questions to make sure that something is true also We use it  to show surprise, in exclamations and when we expect the listener to agree with us.

Negative questions are of two kinds: contracted and uncontracted. They have different word order. Note that uncontracted negative questions are usually formal.

Contracted negative questions

Form: auxiliary verb + n’t + subject
Didn’t she come?
Don’t you understand?
Weren’t you surprised?

Uncontracted negative questions

Auxiliary verb + subject + not

Did she not come?
Do you not understand?
Were you not surprised?

Non-auxiliary have and non-auxiliary be can begin negative questions.

She hasn’t any friends to help her. (negative statement – formal GB)
Hasn’t she any friends to help her? (contracted negative question)
OR Doesn’t she have any friends to help her?

She is not at home. (negative statement)
Is she not at home? (Uncontracted negative question)
Isn’t she at home? (Contracted negative question)

Two meanings

Negative questions can have two different kinds of meaning. For example, a negative question can ask for confirmation of a positive belief. In this case it expects the answer ‘yes’.

Isn’t it true that she is going out with an old man? (I believe that she is going out with an old man. Now I am just asking for confirmation.)

A negative question can also ask for confirmation of a negative belief. In this case it expects the answer ‘no’.

Aren’t they coming? (= Am I right in thinking that they aren’t coming?)

Note that the meaning of a negative question is usually clear from the context and situation.

 http://www.englishpractice.com/improve/negative-questions/#PEwAtaFFiBWciQuI.99

 UNIT III

INFINITIVES AND - ING FORMS

What is an Infinitive?

An infinitive is the basic form of the verb + "to".

Examples: to buy, to fish, to run, to watch, to tell, and so forth.

Example Sentences:

"I want to swim."

"They asked us to leave."

"To be, or not to be – that is the question."

"The goal is to win."


The word "infinitive" comes form the Latin word infinitus, from in- (not) andfinitus (finished, limited).

You could say this actually makes sense: the infinitive describes an action, but unlike a regular verb, it is not limited in any way.

The regular verb is limited to the tense and subject. For example, in the sentence "Diana danced" the action is limited to Diana and to the past.

However, the infinitive is unlimited. In the sentence "To dance is easy", the action is not limited to any subject or to any time.

Infinitives are often used when actions are unreal, general, or future.


Examples:
(Note how the main underlined verb relates to unreal, general, or future actions.)

• Kate agreed to come.
• I hope to see you soon.
• We plan to finish this shortly.
• They decided to return home.
• She promised to stop smoking.
• We agreed never to talk about it again.
• He offered to sell the house.
• I refuse to pay!
• You seem to be disappointed.
• She asked him not to leave.
• I want to drink.
• They need to get up early.

What is a Gerund?

A gerund is a noun made from a verb. To make a gerund, you add "-ing" to the verb.

For example:In the sentence "I swim every day", the word "swim" is a verb.

In the sentence "I like swimming", the word "swimming" is a noun.

Therefore, "swimming" is a gerund.

Second example:

In the sentence "She reads several books a week", the word "read" is a verb.

In the sentence "Reading is important", the word "reading" is a noun.

Therefore, "reading" is a gerund.

More examples of gerunds: buying, fishing, running, watching, telling, and so forth.

The word "gerund" actually comes from the Latin word gerere, which means "do".

You could say this actually makes sense: the gerund describes an action, something you do.

Gerunds are often used when actions are real or completed.

Examples:

(Note how the main underlined verb relates to real or completed actions.)

• She stopped smoking.
  
  
• I finished doing my homework.
  
  
• They keep on fighting.
  
  
• We discussed moving to Florida.
  
  
• You recommended waiting until tomorrow.
  
  
• He recalled falling asleep on the couch.
  
  
• She practices playing those drums all the time.
  
  
• John finished fixing the car.
  
  
• The job involves dealing with animals.
  
  
• Brian mentioned staying up late.
  
  
• They suggested not keeping the luggage.
  
  
• We started working on this yesterday.

 '-ED'  and '-ING' ADJETIVES:  DESCRIBING FEELINGS AND THINGS

My holiday was relaxing. I felt really relaxed.'

  '-ED' ADJETIVES-are used to describe how people feel

    'He was surprised to find that he had been upgraded to first class.'

    'I was confused by the findings of the report.'

    'She felt tired after working hard all day.'

 '-ING' ADJETIVES - are used to describe things and situations

  'Being upgraded to first class is surprising.'

   The findings of this report are confusing.'

   'Working hard all day is tiring.'

-ED / -ING ADJETIVES

Positive

   

verb	-ed	-ing	noun
You ____ me!	I'm _____!	How _____!	What _____!
amaze	amazed	amazing	amazement
amuse	amused	amusing	amusement
astound	astounded	astounding	astonishment
bewitch	bewitched	bewitching	bewitchment
captivate	captivated	captivating	a captivation
challenge	challenged	challenging	a challenge
charm	charmed	charming	charm
comfort	comforted	comforting	comfort
concern	concerned	concerning	concern
convince	convinced	convincing	conviction
encourage	encouraged	encouraging	encouragement
enchant	enchanted	enchanting	enchantment
energize	energized	energizing	energy
entertain	entertained	entertaining	entertainment
enthrall	enthralled	enthralling	enthrallment
excite	excited	exciting	excitement
exhaust	exhausted	exhausting	exhaustion
fascinate	fascinated	fascinating	fascination
flatter	flattered	flattering	flattery
fulfill	fulfilled	fulfilling	fulfillment
gratify	gratified	gratifying	gratification
gratify	gratified	gratifying	gratification
humiliate	humiliated	humiliating	humiliation
interest	interested	interesting	interest
intrigue	intrigued	intriguing	intrigue
move	moved	moving
please	pleased	pleasing (pleasant)	a pleasure
relax	relaxed	relaxing	relaxation
relieve	relieved	relieving	a relief
satisfy	satisfied	satisfying	satisfaction
soothe	soothed	soothing
surprise	surprised	surprising	a surprise
tempt	tempted	tempting	temptation
touch	touched	touching
thrill	thrilled	thrilling	a thrill
titilate	titilated	titilating	titilation

Negative

verb	-ed	-ing	noun
You ____ me!	I'm _____!	How _____!	What _____!
aggravate	aggravated	aggravating	aggravation
alarm	alarmed	alarming	alarm
annoy	annoyed	annoying	annoyance
bewilder	bewildered	bewildering	bewilderment
bore	bored	boring	boredom
confound	confounded	confounding
confuse	confused	confusing	confusion
depress	depressed	depressing	depression
devastate	devastated	devastating	devastation
disappoint	disappointed	disappointing	disappointment
discourage	discouraged	discouraging	discouragement
disgust	disgusted	disgusting	disgust
dishearten	disheartened	disheartening	disheartenment
dismay	dismayed	dismaying	dismay
displease	displeased	displeasing	displeasure
distress	distressed	distressing	distress
disturb	disturbed	disturbing	disturbance
embarrass	embarrassed	embarrassing	embarrassment
exasperate	exasperated	exasperating	exasperation
fatigue	fatigued	fatiguing	fatigue
frighten	frightened	frightening	fright
frustrate	frustrated	frustrating	frustration
horrify	horrified	horrifying	horror
insult	insulted	insulting	an insult
irritate	irritated	irritating	irritation
mortify	mortified	mortifying	mortification
mystify	mystified	mystifying	mystification
overwhelm	overwhelmed	overwhelming	overwhelmingness
perplex	perplexed	perplexing	perplexity
perturb	perturbed	perturbing	perturbation
puzzle	puzzled	puzzling	puzzlement
shock	shocked	shocking	a shock
sicken	sickened	sickening	sickness
terrify	terrified	terrifying	terror
threaten	threatened	threatening	a threat
tire	tired	tiring	tiredness
trouble	troubled	troubling	trouble
unnerve	unnerved	unnerving
unsettle	unsettled	unsettling	unsettledness
upset	upset	upsetting
vex	vexed (vext)	vexing	vexation

ORDER OF ADJETIVES



INFINITIVES: USING TO

We usually put to with infinitives

EXAMPLE

I want to go home

I telephoned my sister to say sorry

But we use infinitives without to after do/does/did in questions and negatives

EXAMPLE

correct     Does John speak Russian? 

incorrect: Does John to speak Russian?

We also use infinitives without to after modal verbs

EXAMPLE

correct     I can`t swim 

incorrect:  I can`to swim 

We make negative infinitives with not  (to)+ verb

EXAMPLE

correct     Try not to forget your keys

incorrect:   Try  to not forget your keys

We use the to-infinitive:

• to express purpose (to answer "Why...?"):

He bought some flowers to give to his wife.
He locked the door to keep everyone out.

We sometimes say in order to or in order not to:

We set off early in order to avoid the traffic.
They spoke quietly in order not to wake the children

… or we can say so as to or so as not to:

We set off early so as to avoid the traffic.
They spoke quietly so as not to wake the children.

• after certain verbs (see verbs followed by infinitive), particularly verbs of thinking and feeling:

choose, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, intend, learn, like,
love, mean, plan, prefer, remember, want, would like, would love

… and verbs of saying:

agree, promise, refuse

They decided to start a business together.
Remember to turn the lights out.

Some verbs are followed by a direct object and the infinitive(see verbs followed by infinitive):

advise, ask, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, warn,
expect, intend, would prefer, want, would like

She reminded me to turn the lights out.
He encouraged his friends to vote for him.

• after certain adjectives.

Sometimes the to-infinitive gives a reason for the adjective:

• disappointed
• glad
• sad
• happy
• anxious
• pleased
• surprised
• proud
• unhappy

We were happy to come to the end of our journey
= We were happy because we had come to the end of our journey
John was surprised to see me
= He was surprised because he saw me

Other adjectives with the to-infinitive are:

• able
• unable
• due
• eager
• keen
• likely
• unlikely
• ready
• prepared
• unwilling
• willing

Unfortunately I was unable to work for over a week.
I am really tired. I’m ready to go to bed.

We often use the to-infinitive with these adjectives after it to give opinions:

• difficult
• easy
• possible
• impossible
• hard
• right
• wrong
• kind
• nice
• clever
• silly
• foolish

It’s easy to play the piano, but it’s very difficult to play well.
He spoke so quickly it was impossible to understand him.

We use the preposition for to show who these adjectives refer to:

• difficult
• easy
• possible
• impossible
• hard

It was difficult for us to hear what she was saying.
It is easy for you to criticise other people.

We use the preposition of with other adjectives:

It’s kind of you to help.
It would be silly of him to spend all his money.

• As a postmodifier (see noun phrases) after abstract nouns like:

• ability
• desire
• need
• wish
• attempt
• failure
• opportunity
• chance
• intention

I have no desire to be rich.
They gave him an opportunity to escape.
She was annoyed by her failure to answer the question correctly.

• We often use a to-infinitive as a postmodifier after an indefinite pronouns:

When I am travelling I always take something to read.
I was all alone. I had no one to talk to.
There is hardly anything to do in most of these small towns.

INFINITIVES OF PURPOSE

We use an infinitive with to to say why we do something

EXAMPLE

I turned on the TV to watch the news

John went to Paris to study music

I went out to mail a letter. 
She called me to invite me to a party. 

They have bodyguards to protect them. 
I need a can opener to open this. 

She's gone to collect her pay cheque.

The three bears went into the forest to find firewood

VERB + OBJECT+ INFINITIVE

We often use say wa want somebody to do something

After some verbs we use the object, followed by to + infinitive. 

subject	verb	object	(not) to + infinitive
Marco's mother	ordered	him	to get into	the car.
Elena	told	the children	not to touch	the glasses.

The following verbs take this pattern:
advise allow ask beg command encourage	forbid force instruct invite oblige order	permit persuade remind tell want warn

Verbs which can be followed by this form include: advise, ask, allow, expect, encourage, force, help, invite, order, persuade, teach, tell.

ADJECTIVE +INFINITIVE

We can use adjective + infinitive to say what we think of things that people do.

we use adjetives like: 

We are happy to see you here.

We were pleased to receive the letter.

They were sad to hear about his death.

They were excited to hear about the birth of her baby.

In this exercise, we'll practice using infinitives after adjectives.
SUBJECT + BE	ADJECTIVE	INFINITIVE	COMPLEMENT
I'm	happy	to meet	you.
She's	glad	to help	him.
I'm not	afraid	to touch	a snake.

ADJETIVES WITH ENOUGH AND TOO + INFINITIVE


"Enough" and "too" are qualifiers  used as adjectives, adverbs and names to indicate a degree of quantity.

"Enough" is an adjective used to indicate that it is sufficient or more than necessary. It can be used with other adjectives, adverbs or names. 



UNIT FOUR

PHRASAL VERBS

1.  A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning different from the original verb.

Example:
I ran into my teacher at the movies last night. run + into = meet
He ran away when he was 15. run + away = leave home

2. Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. An intransitive verb cannot be followed by an object.

Example:
He suddenly showed up. "show up" cannot take an object

3. Some phrasal verbs are transitive. A transitive verb can be followed by an object.

Example:
I made up the story. "story" is the object of "make up"

4. Some transitive phrasal verbs are separable. The object is placed between the verb and the preposition. In this Phrasal Verb Dictionary, separable phrasal verbs are marked by placing a * between the verb and the preposition / adverb.

Example:
I talked my mother into letting me borrow the car.
She looked the phone number up.

5. Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. The object is placed after the preposition. In this Phrasal Verb Dictionary, inseparable phrasal verbs are marked by placing a + after the preposition / adverb.

Example:
I ran into an old friend yesterday.
They are looking into the problem.

6. Some transitive phrasal verbs can take an object in both places. In this Phrasal Verb Dictionary, such phrasal verbs are marked with both * and + .

Example:
I looked the number up in the phone book.
I looked up the number in the phone book.

7. WARNING! Although many phrasal verbs can take an object in both places, you must put the object between the verb and the preposition if the object is a pronoun.

Example:
I looked the number up in the phone book.
I looked up the number in the phone book.
I looked it up in the phone book. correct
I looked up it in the phone book. incorrect